摘要 :
Landslides can result in extensive casualties and huge economic losses. The accurate discrimination of the main slip direction and deformation trajectory is an important prerequisite for studying landslide formation mechanisms and...
展开
Landslides can result in extensive casualties and huge economic losses. The accurate discrimination of the main slip direction and deformation trajectory is an important prerequisite for studying landslide formation mechanisms and designing landslide control schemes. In the process of landslide evolution over time, the main slip direction also changes dynamically and provides a comprehensive reflection of the landslide displacement state. However, few studies on this topic have been published. In this paper, a new methodology for analyzing slope stability is proposed based on three techniques: interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and ground-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar (GB-InSAR). The Small Baseline Subset Interferometric SAR (SBAS-InSAR) technique is combined with an overall analysis of the study area to identify the regions of interest (ROIs) with large deformation and the starting target points, and the fusion results of radar deformation data (RDD) and digital surface model (DSM) data are used to fit the deformation surface field of the ROIs. The gradient descent approach is executed to obtain the running trajectory points of the target masses so that the main slip direction and displacement trajectory in the study area can be predicted at small scales. The measured data for the Hongshiyan landslide in Yunnan Province are used to verify the effectiveness of the method, and the predicted results are consistent with the actual landslide direction. The experimental results show that the method can exactly identify the deformation area, especially in the case of a fast-changing deformation trend. This approach can provide more accurate monitoring area results to support the rapid control and prevention of landslide hazards by analyzing the minimum pixel grid (i.e. points), as the smallest spatial unit at a time interval of minutes. The study shows that the method can efficiently combine space–Earth multisource monitoring data to clarify the main slide direction and improve the postslide trajectory prediction of the slope, which is beneficial for assessing disaster risks and improving landslide prevention and control effects, reflecting the engineering application value of the approach.
收起
摘要 :
Soybean oil is a traditional edible oil. Increasing the oleic acid content is an important direction of soybean breeding. The soybean FAD2 family consists of seven genes that regulate how oleic acid is converted into linoleic acid...
展开
Soybean oil is a traditional edible oil. Increasing the oleic acid content is an important direction of soybean breeding. The soybean FAD2 family consists of seven genes that regulate how oleic acid is converted into linoleic acid. Five genes of the soybean FAD2 gene family, GmFAD2-1B, GmFAD2-1A, GmFAD2-2B, GmFAD2-2C, and GmFAD2-2D, were taken as target genes in this study. Firstly, a multivalent CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing vector was constructed to regulate FAD2 gene expression. Multiple knockout vectors were inserted into the soybean varieties JN38, T6098, and T7010 using Agrobacterium-mediated soybean cotyledon transformation. The functional analysis, agronomic character analysis, and comparison of the mutant lines of the offspring of different genotypes indicated that the JN38 mutant was significantly taller in terms of plant height than the receptor JN38. The fatty acid content of the three groups showed the same trend. The fatty acid contents of mutant plants were higher than those of recipient plants, and the linoleic acid contents of mutant plants were lower than those of recipient plants. The best-performing among the three groups was the JN38 mutant, whose oleic acid content increased from 18.58% to 54.07% and whose linoleic acid content decreased from 57.79% to 26.17%. In conclusion, the knockout expression of multiple FAD2 genes increased the soybean oleic acid content and decreased the linoleic acid content in different receptors.
收起
摘要 :
Objective. Confusion is the primary epistemic emotion in the learning process, influencing
students’ engagement and whether they become frustrated or bored. However, research on
confusion in learning is still in its early stage...
展开
Objective. Confusion is the primary epistemic emotion in the learning process, influencing
students’ engagement and whether they become frustrated or bored. However, research on
confusion in learning is still in its early stages, and there is a need to better understand how to
recognize it and what electroencephalography (EEG) signals indicate its occurrence. The present
work investigates confusion during reasoning learning using EEG, and aims to fill this gap with a
multidisciplinary approach combining educational psychology, neuroscience and computer
science. Approach. First, we design an experiment to actively and accurately induce confusion in
reasoning. Second, we propose a subjective and objective joint labeling technique to address the
label noise issue. Third, to confirm that the confused state can be distinguished from the
non-confused state, we compare and analyze the mean band power of confused and unconfused
states across five typical bands. Finally, we present an EEG database for confusion analysis, together
with benchmark results from conventional (Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machine, Random Forest,
and Artificial Neural Network) and end-to-end (Long Short Term Memory, Residual Network, and
EEGNet) machine learning methods. Main results. Findings revealed: 1. Significant differences in
the power of delta, theta, alpha, beta and lower gamma between confused and non-confused
conditions; 2. A higher attentional and cognitive load when participants were confused; and 3.
The Random Forest algorithm with time-domain features achieved a high accuracy/F1 score
(88.06%/0.88 for the subject-dependent approach and 84.43%/0.84 for the subject-independent
approach) in the binary classification of the confused and non-confused states. Significance. The
study advances our understanding of confusion and provides practical insights for recognizing and
analyzing it in the learning process. It extends existing theories on the differences between confused
and non-confused states during learning and contributes to the cognitive-affective model. The
research enables researchers, educators, and practitioners to monitor confusion, develop adaptive
systems, and test recognition approaches.
收起
摘要 :
The widespread use of density boards in various industries has caused a series of environmental issues. The results of this study can inform policy-making and facilitate the sustainable development of density boards. The research ...
展开
The widespread use of density boards in various industries has caused a series of environmental issues. The results of this study can inform policy-making and facilitate the sustainable development of density boards. The research focuses on the comparison between 1m~3 conventional density board and 1m~3 straw density board, with the system boundary defined as "from cradle to grave." Their life cycles are evaluated across three stages: manufacturing, utilization, and disposal. To facilitate environmental impact comparisons, the production stage was divided into four scenarios based on different power supply techniques. To identify the environmental break-even point (e-BEP), variable parameters for transport distance and service life were incorporated into the usage phase. The disposal stage evaluated the most prevalent disposalmethod (100%incineration). Regardless of the power supply method, the total environmental impact of conventional density board throughout its life cycle is always higher than that of straw density board, owing to the large amount of electricity consumption and the utilization of urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin adhesives in the raw material stage of conventional density boards. During the production stage, while the conventional manufacture of density boards results in environmental impacts ranging from 57 % to 95 %, which surpasses those of straw-based alternatives at 44%to 75%,modifying the power supply technique can alleviate such impacts by 1%to 54%and 0%to 7 %, respectively. Thus, altering the power supply technique can effectively mitigate the ecological footprint of conventional density boards. Moreover, when assuming a service life, the remaining eight environmental impact categories exhibit an e-BEP at or prior to 50 years, with the exception of the primary energy demand (PED) values. Based on the environmental impact results, relocating the plant to a more judicious geographical location would indirectly increase the break-even transport distance and consequently mitigate the environmental impact.
收起
摘要 :
Abstract This paper examines the empirical relationship between the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO), and atmospheric river (AR) activity and precipitation in California on subseasonal time s...
展开
Abstract This paper examines the empirical relationship between the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO), and atmospheric river (AR) activity and precipitation in California on subseasonal time scales. We introduce an experimental forecast tool that uses observed anomaly patterns during a 38 yr period to predict the probability of above‐ and below‐normal AR activity and precipitation at lead times of 1–6?weeks based on the phase and amplitude of the MJO and QBO. The hindcast prediction skill of probabilistic AR activity and precipitation forecasts is evaluated for Northern, Central, and Southern California, as well as two sets of smaller geographical domains. These smaller domains are more relevant for water resource management and allow us to investigate the sensitivity of prediction skill to domain size. Consistent with previous studies, our results demonstrate that subseasonal AR activity and precipitation in California are strongly modulated by the MJO and QBO. The anomaly patterns of AR activity and precipitation vary considerably throughout the cool season, with a tendency toward below‐normal AR activity and precipitation during easterly QBO and above‐normal AR activity and precipitation during westerly QBO in JFM. The opposite patterns are generally observed in OND, but the anomaly signals are weaker and less coherent for AR activity. Certain combinations of MJO phase, QBO phase, lag time, and season yield notably higher skill scores, reinforcing the notion of “windows of opportunity” for skillful subseasonal‐to‐seasonal predictions. In California, these forecasts of opportunity are predominantly associated with easterly QBO in JFM and FMA.
收起
摘要 :
Members of the microbiotas colonizing the plant endophytic compartments and the surrounding bulk and rhizosphere soil play an important role in determining plant health. However, the relative contributions of the soil and endophyt...
展开
Members of the microbiotas colonizing the plant endophytic compartments and the surrounding bulk and rhizosphere soil play an important role in determining plant health. However, the relative contributions of the soil and endophytic microbiomes and their mechanistic roles in achieving disease suppression remain elusive. To disentangle the relative importance of the different microbiomes in the various plant compartments in inhibiting pathogen infection, we conducted a field experiment to track changes in the composition of microbial communities in bulk and rhizosphere soil and of root endophytes and leaf endosphere collected from bananas planted on Fusarium -infested orchards in disease-suppressive and disease-conducive soils. We found that the rhizosphere and roots were the two dominant plant parts whose bacterial communities contributed to pathogen suppression. We further observed that Pseudomonas was potentially a key organism acting as a pathogen antagonist, as illustrated by microbial community composition and network analysis. Subsequently, culturable pathogen-antagonistic Pseudomonas strains were isolated, and their potential suppressive functions or possible antibiosis in terms of auxin or siderophore synthesis and phosphate solubilization were screened to analyze the mode of action of candidate disease-suppressive Pseudomonas strains. In a follow-up in vivo and greenhouse experiment, we revealed that microbial consortia of culturable Pseudomonas strains P8 and S25 (or S36), isolated from banana plantlet rhizosphere and roots, respectively, significantly suppressed the survival of pathogens in the soil, manipulated the soil microbiome, and stimulated indigenous beneficial microbes. Overall, our study demonstrated that root-associated microbiomes, especially the antagonistic Pseudomonas sp. components, contribute markedly to soil suppression of banana Fusarium wilt. IMPORTANCE Soil suppression of Fusarium wilt disease has been proven to be linked with the local microbial community. However, the contribution of endophytic microbes to disease suppression in wilt-suppressive soils remains unclear. Moreover, the key microbes involving in Fusarium wilt-suppressive soils and in the endophytic populations have not been fully characterized. In this study, we demonstrate that root-associated microbes play vitally important roles in disease suppression. Root-associated Pseudomonas consortia were recognized as a key component in inhibiting pathogen abundance associated with the host banana plants. This finding is crucial to developing alternate strategies for soilborne disease management by harnessing the plant microbiome.
收起
摘要 :
This study demonstrates a possible impact of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) on the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO)-related North Pacific storm track (NPST) change during October–March for the period of 1979–2016. The NPST ...
展开
This study demonstrates a possible impact of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) on the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO)-related North Pacific storm track (NPST) change during October–March for the period of 1979–2016. The NPST shows significant intraseasonal changes in response to the MJO. In general, when the MJO convection is located over the Indian Ocean (western to central Pacific), the NPST tends to shift poleward (southward). This MJO-related NPST change has larger amplitude during the easterly phase of the QBO (EQBO) than during its westerly phase (WQBO). The spatial distribution of this NPST change also exhibits significant differences between the two QBO phases with a zonally elongated pattern during EQBO winters but separated into two centers during WQBO winters. Diagnoses of the dynamical processes associated with the NPST change indicate the dominant roles of the baroclinic energy conversion and downstream energy propagation. The analysis of intraseasonal flow change indicates a larger amplitude of the MJO-related baroclinicity over the North Pacific. This is likely due to a stronger MJO and associated Rossby wave source in EQBO winters, which may give rise to the enhanced amplitude of the NPST change. On the other hand, different spatial distribution of the NPST change is likely a result of a direct impact of the QBO on the NPST. These results suggest that the QBO impact needs to be considered for better reproduction of the MJO-NPST teleconnection in general circulation models, which may also benefit subseasonal prediction of extratropical storm activities.
收起
摘要 :
Anthocyanin accumulations in the flowers can improve seed production of hybrid lines, and produce higher commodity value in cotton fibre. However, the genetic mechanism underlying the anthocyanin pigmentation in cotton petals is p...
展开
Anthocyanin accumulations in the flowers can improve seed production of hybrid lines, and produce higher commodity value in cotton fibre. However, the genetic mechanism underlying the anthocyanin pigmentation in cotton petals is poorly understood. Here, we showed that the red petal phenotype was introgressed from Gossypium bickii through recombination with the segment containing the R <sub> 3 </sub> <sup> bic </sup> region in the A07 chromosome of Gossypium hirsutum variety LR compared with the near-isogenic line of LW with white flower petals. The cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cy3G) was the major anthocyanin in red petals of cotton. A GhTT19 encoding a TT19-like GST was mapped to the R <sub>3</sub> <sup> bic </sup> site associated with red petals via map-based cloning, but GhTT19 homologue gene from the D genome was not expressed in G. hirsutum . Intriguingly, allelic variations in the promoters between GhTT19 <sup> LW </sup> and GhTT19 <sup> LR </sup>, rather than genic regions, were found as genetic causal of petal colour variations. GhTT19-GFP was found localized in both the endoplasmic reticulum and tonoplast for facilitating anthocyanin transport. An additional MYB binding element found only in the promoter of GhTT19 <sup> LR </sup>, but not in that of GhTT19 <sup> LW </sup>, enhanced its transactivation by the MYB activator GhPAP1 . The transgenic analysis confirmed the function of GhTT19 in regulating the red flower phenotype in cotton. The essential light signalling component GhHY5 bonded to and activated the promoter of GhPAP1 , and the GhHY5-GhPAP1 module together regulated GhTT19 expression to mediate the light-activation of petal anthocyanin pigmentation in cotton. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms for anthocyanin accumulation and may lay a foundation for faster genetic improvement of cotton.
收起
摘要 :
Multi-object tracking achieves the acquisition of target location information and identity information through two subtasks, detection and re-identification (ReID). The existing commonly used one-shot framework has speed advantage...
展开
Multi-object tracking achieves the acquisition of target location information and identity information through two subtasks, detection and re-identification (ReID). The existing commonly used one-shot framework has speed advantages, but the two subtasks have different feature requirements, which leads to competitive learning in the training and thus weakens the feature quality. We propose a feature decoupling based multi-object tracking framework FDTrack for contradictory feature requirements. Through the mutual inhibition of the two subtasks, the features of the backbone network are decoupled. Then the decoupled features are self-constrained to enhance effective features. Considering the instability of the target state and the different confidence of the detections, a more reasonable association strategy is employed to maximize the matchings between detections, thus recovering low-confidence targets. FDTrack is extensively tested on the MOT17 and MOT20 benchmarks. The experimental results show that FDTrack surpasses the previous state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods and has good anti-interference and real-time performance. Moreover, our proposed modules have good portability and can be applied in other one-shot trackers to achieve performance improvement.
收起
摘要 :
Mechanical cues are widely used for regulating cell behavior because of their overarching, extensive, and non‐invasive advantages. However, unlike chemical cues, mechanical cues are not efficient enough to determine cell fate ind...
展开
Mechanical cues are widely used for regulating cell behavior because of their overarching, extensive, and non‐invasive advantages. However, unlike chemical cues, mechanical cues are not efficient enough to determine cell fate independently and improving the mechanosensitivity of cells is rather challenging. In this study, the combined effect of chemical and mechanical cues on the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells is examined. These results show that chemical cues such as the presence of an osteogenic medium, induce cells to secrete more collagen, and induce integrin for recruiting focal adhesion proteins that mature and cascade a series of events with the help of the mechanical force of the scaffold material. High‐resolution, highly ordered hollow‐micro‐frustum‐arrays using double‐layer lithography, combined with modified methacrylate gelatin loaded with pre‐defined soluble chemicals to provide both chemical and mechanical cues to cells. This approach ultimately facilitates the achievement of cellular osteodifferentiation and enhances bone repair efficiency in a model of femoral fracture in vivo in mice. Moreover, the results also reveal these pivotal roles of Integrin α2/Focal adhesion kinase/Ras homolog gene family member A/Large Tumor Suppressor 1/Yes‐associated protein in human mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. Overall, these results show that chemical cues enhance the microtopographical sensitivity of cells.
收起
原文获取